Biologists like to think of species as separate things, like a herring in the North Sea, a crab in the Wadden Sea, or an anemone fish on a coral reef. Each species has its own place in the food webs of ecosystems around the world. In the cover story for this month’s Trends in Parasitology, NIOZ researcher Ana Born-Torrijos and her colleagues say, “But that is surely too simple thinking.”
“You might get the ecology of an animal wrong if you don’t look at the different parasites that live on and inside it,” Born-Torrijos said. “Animals that are caught in the wild shouldn’t be thought of as single individuals, but as whole ecosystems that contain a wide range of microbes and parasites that can be found in almost all of their tissues.” “.
Fish, crabs, snails and other animals can be infected by a multitude of parasites. Sometimes these are copepods, nematodes, cestodes, or even isopods that live in fish gills for part of their lives. Born-Torrijos said, “These parasites can change the shape, behavior, and metabolism of animals in a lot of different ways.” “That way, those parasites also influence where an animal fits in the local food chain. “.
Born-Torrijos shows the food chain as a slowly rising graph. In the lower left corner are algae and plants, which are called “primary producers” because they turn sunlight into “edible” energy. The top predators, like seals in the Wadden Sea, are at the very top right of the graph. “For example, we can look at stable isotopes of nitrogen to figure out where other animals lie along that line,” the researcher says. “Because the heavy isotopes in an animal’s pool of nitrogen build up a little bit with each step up the food chain, showing who is eating whom in the environment.” “.
The researchers talk about how an animal’s stable isotope values may be different depending on whether it has parasites or not in the review article. “Thats because parasites can change the behavior of a host, even without making that host really sick. For instance, a coral fish that has been infected by a certain species of isopod seems to hunt for food outside the reef much less than other fish of the same species that are not infected. This is then reflected in the chemical composition of the animal. “.
The article also reviews the knowledge accumulated over the past decade in the field of parasite-host interactions. Born-Torrijos is also working on setting up tests to figure out how parasites affect their hosts properly.
“For instance, we keep crabs that are infected or not with a rhizocephalan, which is a parasitic barnacle that gets into the crab’s tissues through rootlets. We can tell the difference between changes in stable isotopes caused by parasitic infections and changes in their diet by giving the crabs one diet for a few weeks and then switching them to a different diet with a different isotopic composition. So, we want to find out how the infection changes the host’s metabolism and what that changes about their isotopic make-up. “.
The microbiome, which is the study of microorganisms on animals’ skin and in their guts, is already a well-known and important field of biology. Based on Born-Torrijos and colleagues, it is high time that the whole group of parasites that live on an animal, or “the parasitome,” is given more attention in research. Born-Torrijos says, “Biologists and ecologists might get the wrong picture of the food web if they don’t look at how parasites affect it.”
More information: Ana Born-Torrijos et al, Parasite effects on hosts trophic and isotopic niches, Trends in Parasitology (2023). DOI: 10. 1016/j. pt. 2023. 06. 003.
Crabs are one of the most iconic creatures that come to mind when thinking of the beach or ocean. With their hard outer shells, sideways scuttling, and infamous pinchers, they have captured our imaginations for centuries. But where exactly do these armored arthropods fit in the animal kingdom? Are crabs considered animals?
The quick answer is yes, crabs are absolutely animals. They belong to the biological kingdom Animalia, which encompasses all multicellular organisms that are not plants, fungi, protists, archaea, or bacteria.
What Makes a Crab an Animal?
All animals share a few key characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of life:
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Multicellular organization – Animals are composed of many cells that work together, unlike single-celled bacteria or protists.
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Heterotrophic modes of nutrition – Animals cannot produce their own food through photosynthesis. They must consume organic matter for sustenance.
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Lack of cell walls – Animal cells do not have rigid cell walls like those found in plants and fungi This allows animal tissues to have greater flexibility,
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Development from an embryo – Animal life begins as a fertilized egg or embryo that develops into a juvenile form then matures into an adult. This embryonic development sets animals apart from simpler organisms.
Crabs exhibit all of these definitive animal traits. Their bodies contain specialized tissues and organs made up of billions of cells working in unison. They cannot synthesize food through photosynthesis and must hunt scavenge or filter feed to acquire organic nutrition. Crab cells lack stiff cell walls and are flexible. And crabs develop from egg to larva to mature adult through a process of complex embryonic development.
So by both standard biological classification and their shared anatomical traits, crabs undoubtedly belong to the animal kingdom. But where do they fall in the animal family tree?
The Evolutionary Origins of Crabs
Crabs belong to the subphylum Crustacea within the phylum Arthropoda. Arthropods are characterized by having segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and hard exoskeletons. This incredibly diverse phylum contains insects, spiders, centipedes, and many other organisms.
Crustaceans form a sub-group of arthropods that include lobsters, shrimp, barnacles, copepods and ostracods in addition to crabs. The oldest crustacean fossils date back to the Cambrian period over 500 million years ago. Since that time, crustaceans have evolved and adapted to fill a vast array of ecological niches.
There are over 67,000 known species of crustaceans occupying marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats across the globe. Crabs make up one of the most speciose crustacean infraorders, with over 4,500 living crab species currently documented. The evolutionary success of crabs stems from their hardy body plan.
The Unique Physical Adaptations of Crabs
Crabs share a number of anatomical features that aid their survival and reproduction:
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Exoskeleton – The exoskeleton is comprised of layers of rigid chitin that protect the crab’s soft inner tissues. It must be periodically molted and replaced as the crab grows.
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Cephalothorax – The crab’s body and head are fused into one armored unit called the cephalothorax, which along with the broad carapace shell provides excellent defense.
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Abdomen – The reduced and flexibly jointed abdomen enables crabs to neatly tuck up under the cephalothorax shell. In most species, the abdomen has a modified structure called a pleopod which functions in reproduction.
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Appendages – Crabs have five pairs of legs specifically adapted for walking, swimming, sensing, mating, and grasping food. The front pair of legs forms formidable pincers for hunting, defense and display.
This effective anatomy has allowed crabs to inhabit diverse environments across the world’s oceans, freshwaters and all within 100 km of the sea. Their high adaptability is also evident in the range of their dietary habits.
The Diverse Diet and Feeding Strategies of Crabs
While all crabs are heterotrophs that must consume organic matter for food, their specific diets vary tremendously based on habitat and species. Crabs employ a range of feeding strategies tailored to their ecological niches, including:
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Scavenging – Scavenger crabs like spider crabs consume dead plant and animal material that sinks to the seafloor. Their long, spindly legs allow them to navigate debris fields.
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Grazing – Grazers like acorn barnacles scrape and consume algae, detritus and plankton coating underwater surfaces. Their specialized mouthparts efficiently sweep up food particles.
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Filter feeding – Crabs like paddle crabs filter feed by extracting microscopic plants and animals from the water column. They sift particles using mouthpart setae then consume the filtered nutrition.
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Hunting – Predatory crabs including rock crabs, blue crabs and masked crabs actively hunt for worms, clams, shrimp, fish and other living prey to consume using their strong claws.
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Parasitism – Some specialized crabs have evolved to parasitize other sea creatures. Sacculinid crabs chemically induce hosts like barnacles to nurture their larvae before they metastasize throughout the body.
This dietary diversity has enabled different crab species to thrive in habitats from the deep sea to tropical forests. But despite their adaptations, crabs still face their share of threats.
Threats Facing Crabs
While crabs as a biological group have proved to be highly resilient over the eons, many individual species now face mounting environmental pressures including:
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Habitat degradation – Destruction of coastal wetlands, mangroves and coral reef systems undermine critical crab nursery habitats. Agricultural and shoreline development are major contributors.
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Overfishing – Unsustainable harvesting of crabs for human consumption has led to declines in populations of many crab species including Dungeness, blue and red king crabs.
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Invasive species – Non-native predators and competitors are displacing native crab species in many areas around the world. Green crabs have wreaked havoc along the Atlantic coast of North America.
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Climate change – Rising ocean temperatures, acidification and altered currents are impacting crab distribution, reproduction and survival. Drought also threatens freshwater crab species.
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Pollution – Crabs readily absorb heavy metals, petrochemicals and other contaminants from polluted waters, with impacts on their health and reproduction.
To sustain crab diversity for the future, habitat conservation, fishery regulations, invasive species control and pollution mitigation efforts will need to be expanded across their ranges. The good news is that crabs as a biological group have already proven their resilience over 500 million years – reason to remain hopeful they will continue to scuttle across beaches for centuries to come.
So the next time you marvel at a crab sidling across the sand or peeking out from a tidepool, remember that you are observing not only a quintessential beach icon, but a highly successful animal that has adapted and endured for eons. Crabs fully deserve their classification in the remarkable phylum of arthropods within the diverse animal kingdom. Their unique biology and evolutionary history reveal what makes a crab a crab, and undoubtedly, an animal through and through.
Christmas Crab | Amazing Animals
FAQ
Are crabs considered animals?
Is a crab a mammal or reptile?
Is a crab a land or sea animal?
Is crab an insect?
What do crabs eat?
Crabs are omnivores, feeding primarily on algae, and taking any other food, including molluscs, worms, other crustaceans, fungi, bacteria, and detritus, depending on their availability and the crab species. For many crabs, a mixed diet of plant and animal matter results in the fastest growth and greatest fitness.
Are crabs related to crabs?
The closest relatives of the crabs are anomurans, a crustacean group which includes animals such as hermit crabs, king crabs and squat lobsters. They look a lot like crabs and many have the word ‘crab’ in their name, but are not true crabs.
Are crabs a legitimate biological species?
Crabs are not a legitimate biological species. Instead, they are a group of identically morphed branches of the decapod tree. The reasons for the crab shape are still unknown, but researchers suggest that it might help in colonizing new habitats or diversifying into new species.
What class do crabs belong to?
Crabs belong to the class Malacostraca. They are decapod crustaceans, specifically belonging to the infraorder Brachyura.